Abstract
Introduction: There is growing evidence of an increased risk of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in people with Intellectual Disabilities (ID). It is an emerging public health issue. People with ID are particularly vulnerable to the negative sequelae of MetS. Due to the slower learning process, people with ID find it difficult to regulate their dietary habits. Determinants of MetS in this population have not been adequately explored, which is the purpose of this study. Objectives: To identify the determinants of metabolic syndrome in people with intellectual disabilities. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The following inclusion criteria were used in the selection of the articles: (1) published within the past 10 years; (2) published in the English language; (3) published in peer-reviewed journals; (4) original research concerning MetS including descriptive, epidemiological studies, and (5) focus on ID. Grey literature was not included in the search. Results: A total of nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were found to have higher rates of MetS in the order of 25% to 45% in people with ID. Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, living independently in community settings, having the ability to prepare meals, being a woman, lacking access to health education programs, deficiencies in the awareness concerning health as well as the reduced opportunities of engaging in cognitive activities, especially among older-aged women, were found as the major determinants of MetS in ID populations. Conclusions: This study provides insights into certain determinants of MetS in the ID population, which has been neglected in the literature, to the best of our knowledge. Our hope is that interventions can be planned and implemented with ID populations based on the evidence, as highlighted in this study.

Abstract
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset neurobehavioral disorder, which is characterized by motor and sound tics. Current studies have identified some specific factors that lead to tic reduction, such as relaxation, concentration, musical activities, and the execution of voluntary and finalistic movements. Patients with TS show a higher level of creativity than other people, which can be channeled, together with their excessive motor energy, into various functional activities that favor the reduction of tics. Moreover, in the last decades, music has been used as a rehabilitative tool, since it has shown to induce a positive effect on TS patients’ mood and to facilitate the performance of fluid and rhythmic voluntary movements. The present study refers to “Imagine, Tourette!”, a motor imagery, music-based intervention aimed at reducing the manifestation of motor and sound tics in adult TS patients. To test the specific effect of such a kind of training, 8 TS patients were exposed to one of two interventions: the experimental group performed motor tasks based on music whereas the control group performed motor tasks without the accompaniment of music. The hypothesis tested was that performing motor tasks accompanied by music could reduce the severity of tics and have an effect on patients’ mood more than simply performing motor tasks alone. The results supported the hypothesis: music played a specific effect on the manifestation of tics and on the patients’ mood, confirming its potentially positive role in motor interventions addressed to TS.

Abstract
Parents of children with special needs face challenges that can cause stress and reduce parenting self-efficacy. The parent-child relationship is one of the main influences on a child's social-emotional abilities. The aim of this study was to examine more in depth the effect of parental acceptance on the social-emotional abilities of children with special needs and investigate the mediating role of parenting self-efficacy. The participants were 291 parents of children with special needs from various regions in Indonesia. All the participants completed a questionnaire that assessed parental acceptance, parenting self-efficacy, and the social-emotional abilities of their children. The mediation model was tested using the Structural Equation Model. The result of this study shows that the relationship between parental acceptance and the social-emotional abilities of children with special needs is fully mediated by parenting self-efficacy.

Abstract
Cognition is a critical aspect of psychopathology. The aim of this review is to evaluate and discuss evidence on the biological and neuropsychological markers of cognitive dysfunction in unipolar and bipolar Depression to improve the differential diagnosis and develop plans of personalized pharmacological treatment. The different use of biological and neuropsychological markers is reviewed and their use to support the clinical process and differential diagnosis is critically examined. While biological markers can help to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis, neuropsychological markers can be assessed more readily and with a less invasive methodology. To this end, additional research on the thresholds differentiating the cognitive dysfunction in unipolar and bipolar Depression should be conducted on specific psychometric tools proposed in this review. Most importantly, future effort should be directed towards the validation of both types of markers specifically for these two populations. Finally, this review contributes to the field by focusing on the clinical need of a precise differential diagnosis that, when put in a translational framework, should combine an integration of research and clinical practice allowing for a better understanding of mental health and for evidence-based clinical practice.

Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence of non-right handers, including “forced right-handers”, in a sample of older people with cognitive impairment as well as the relationship with different levels of cognitive deterioration. The incidence of familial left-handedness was also explored. The sample was composed of 246 subjects: 109 males and 137 females with a mean age of 73.24 years old, who were classified by the severity of cognitive decline (N = 115 mild, N = 75 moderate, N = 56 severe cognitive deterioration). The results confirmed the prevalence of non-right handers in our sample and the relationship between manual preference and levels of cognitive decline. The non-right handers group was more than half of our sample and the forced right-handers were the majority in both mild, moderate, and severe levels of cognitive deterioration. The study of laterality, in addition to other well-known factors predictive of dementia, may be useful to prevent the vulnerability for neurodegenerative diseases at their earliest stages and to plan timely treatments.

Abstract
The long-term consequences of confinement at home due to the COVID-19 pandemic are not yet known; however, an exacerbation of the neurobehavioral symptoms of patients with dementia and an increase in their caregiver burden are conceivable. The aims of this study were to investigate any changes in the neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients with Major Neurocognitive Disorder as well as in the levels of burden and distress of their caregivers due to COVID-19 confinement, and to detect any relationship between the changes in patients and their caregivers. A “pre-post” study was carried out by means of a semi-structured telephone interview, which was administered to 128 caregivers of patients with dementia. The interview included patient and caregiver demographic information, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) and the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI). Results showed an increased risk for burning out of caregivers by about 10%. Statistically significant differences were found between the conditions prior to lockdown (pre-lockdown) and during lockdown in both the CBI and the NPI-Q distress scale. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia significantly increased as well. Results have a practical implication for the organization of public and private support services.